1. PRONOUN
Indonesia : Kata Ganti / Javanese : Tembung Ganti
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent. In the sentence above, the antecedent for the pronoun she is the girl. Pronouns are further defined by type: personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things; possessive pronouns indicate ownership; reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize another noun or pronoun; relative pronouns introduce a subordinate clause; and demonstrative pronouns identify, point to, or refer to nouns.
| English Pronoun | Indonesian Pronoun | Javanese Pronoun |
|---|---|---|
| I | Saya | Kula / Aku |
| You | Kamu / Anda | Sampeyan / Panjenengan |
| He | Dia | Dheweke / Kae |
| She | Dia | Dheweke / Kae |
| I | Saya | Kula / Aku |
| It | Itu | Iku / Kuwi |
| We | Kami / Kita | Kula / Aku |
| They | Mereka | Dheweke / Kabeh |
2. NOUN
Indonesia : Kata Benda / Javanese : Tembung Aran
A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often used with an article (the, a, an), but not always. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter; common nouns do not. Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete or abstract. Nouns show possession by adding 's. Nouns can function in different roles within a sentence; for example, a noun can be a subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, or object of a preposition.
| English Noun | Indonesian Noun | Javanese Noun |
|---|---|---|
| Book | Buku | Buku |
| Chair | Kursi | Krusi |
| Table | Meja | Meja |
| Computer | Komputer | Komputer |
| Phone | Telepon | Telepon |
| House | Rumah | Omah |
| Car | Mobil | Mobil |
| Food | Makanan | Mangan |
| Water | Air | Panyu |
| Money | Uang | Dhuwit |
3. VERB
Indonesia : Kata Kerja / Javanese : Tembung Kriya
The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs. ("She can sing." Sing is the main verb; can is the helping verb.) A verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular or both are plural). Verbs also take different forms to express tense.
| English Verb | Indonesian Verb | Javanese Verb |
|---|---|---|
| Eat | Makan | Mangan |
| Drink | Minum | Ngombe |
| Sleep | Tidur | Turu |
| Work | Bekerja | Kerjo |
| Study | Belajar | Sinau |
| Play | Bermain | Dolanan |
| Walk | Berjalan | Mlaku |
| Run | Berlari | Mlayu |
| Read | Membaca | Moco |
| Write | Menulis | Nulis |
| Accept | Menerima | Nampa |
| Ask | Bertanya | Ngalahake |
| Avoid | Menghindari | Ngajegake |
| Be | Menjadi | Njadi |
| Become | Menjadi | Njadi |
| Begin | Memulai | Mulai |
| Believe | Percaya | Golek |
| Borrow | Meminjam | Pinjam |
| Bring | Membawa | Nggawe |
| Buy | Membeli | Nggoleki |
| Call | Memanggil | Ngalangi |
| Can | Bisa | Isa |
| Change | Mengubah | Ngandhut |
| Choose | Memilih | Pilih |
| Come | Datang | Lunga |
| Complete | Menyelesaikan | Rampung |
| Consider | Mempertimbangkan | Pertimbang |
| Continue | Melanjutkan | Duduwe |
| Cook | Memasak | Nggathok |
| Count | Menghitung | Ngitung |
| Create | Menciptakan | Nggawe |
| Cry | Menangis | Nangis |
| Cut | Memotong | Nggunting |
| Dance | Menari | Ndoloni |
| Dare | Berani | Berani |
| Decide | Memutuskan | Nentokake |
| Decorate | Mendekorasi | Ngabedhah |
| Delay | Menunda | Nundha |
| Deny | Membantah | Ngebantah |
| Describe | Mendeskripsikan | Deskripsi |
| Design | Mendesain | Desain |
| Destroy | Menghancurkan | Hancur |
| Develop | Mengembangkan | Embang |
| Die | Mati | Lungguh |
| Dig | Menggali | Nggali |
| Discuss | Membahas | Nglampahi |
| Do | Melakukan | Ngerjake |
| Draw | Menggambar | Ngambar |
| Dream | Bermimpi | Mimpi |
| Drink | Minum | Ngombe |
| Drive | Mengemudi | Ngenani |
| Eat | Makan | Ngisor |
| End | Berakhir | Rampung |
| Enjoy | Menikmati | Nikmati |
| Explain | Menjelaskan | Njelasake |
| Fall | Jatuh | Lungguh |
| Feel | Merasakan | Rasa |
| Fight | Bertarung | Berkelahi |
| Find | Menemukan | Nggoleki |
| Finish | Menyelesaikan | Rampung |
| Fix | Memperbaiki | Ngelakokke |
| Fly | Terbang | Ngerimuti |
| Ask | Meminta | Nuntut |
| Answer | Menjawab | Nglampahi |
| Arrive | Tiba | Mbut |
| Attack | Menyerang | Nyerang |
| Begin | Mulai | Mulih |
| Borrow | Meminjam | Ndalang |
| Buy | Membeli | Ndakoni |
| Call | Memanggil | Ndelok |
| Carry | Membawa | Ngajok |
| Catch | Menangkap | Ngetuk |
| Change | Mengubah | Ngganti |
| Clean | Membersihkan | Nggirisi |
| Close | Menutup | Nggumun |
| Come | Datang | Lunga |
| Cook | Memasak | Ngolah |
| Count | Menghitung | Ngitung |
| Cry | Menangis | Ngetek |
| Cut | Memotong | Nggunting |
| Dance | Menari | Ngibing |
| Die | Meninggal | Sepuh |
| Do | Melakukan | Ngrungok |
| Draw | Menggambar | Nggambar |
| Dream | Bermimpi | Ngerupi |
| Drink | Minum | Mènèk |
| Drive | Mengemudi | Ngebut |
| Eat | Makan | Mènèh |
| Fall | Jatuh | Ngguyu |
| Fight | Bertarung | Bantèng |
| Find | Menemukan | Nggoleki |
| Finish | Menyelesaikan | Nglèsèr |
| Fly | Terbang | Nyambut |
| Follow | Mengikuti | Nggayuh |
| Forgive | Memaafkan | Nggaweke |
| Get | Mendapatkan | Ngrampi |
| Give | Memberikan | Ngasih |
| Go | Pergi | Lèh |
| Grow | Tumbuh | Manèh |
| Hear | Mendengar | Mèndhèk |
| Help | Membantu | Nggolong |
| Hit | Memukul | Ngenthèk |
| Hold | Memegang | Nggandhèl |
| Hope | Berharap | Nggandhèng |
| Hug | Memeluk | Nggandhèp |
| Jump | Melompat | Nglèmpèt |
| Keep | Menjaga | Nggendhèk |
| Kick | Menendang | Ngajèk |
| Kiss | Mencium | Nggandhèng |
| Know | Mengetahui | Kènèk |
| read | membaca | maca |
| write | menulis | nulis |
| listen | mendengarkan | nandhang |
| speak | berbicara | ngomong |
| understand | memahami | ngerti |
| learn | belajar | ngrasakake |
| teach | mengajar | ngajari |
| work | bekerja | dhuwurake |
| earn | menghasilkan | nglakoni |
| spend | menghabiskan | njaluk |
| save | menabung | nyimpen |
| buy | membeli | nderek |
| sell | menjual | njual |
| rent | menyewa | ngontrak |
| drive | mengemudi | nderek |
| ride | naik | numpak |
| walk | berjalan | mlaku |
| run | berlari | dharat |
| swim | berenang | ndhuyu |
| eat | makan | mangan |
| drink | minum | ngombe |
| cook | memasak | masak |
| clean | membersihkan | ngresiki |
| wash | mencuci | ndhobol |
| iron | menyetrika | ndhupi |
| watch | menonton | nonton |
| play | bermain | main |
| dance | menari | nari |
| sing | menyanyi | nyanyi |
| play music | memainkan musik | main musik |
| draw | menggambar | gambar |
| paint | melukis | lukis |
| sew | menjahit | jahit |
| knit | merajut | rajut |
| crochet | merenda | renda |
| plant | menanam | tanam |
| water | menyiram | siram |
| harvest | memanen | panen |
| hunt | berburu | gawahe |
| fish | memancing | nangkep iwak |
| camp | berkemah | kemah |
| hike | mendaki gunung | mendak gunung |
| travel | bepergian | mudik |
| visit | mengunjungi | mampir |
| invite | mengundang | ngundang |
| attend | menghadiri | mlebu |
| celebrate | merayakan | rayak |
| party | berpesta | pestha |
| watch TV | menonton TV | nonton TV |
| listen to music | mendengarkan musik | nandhang musik |
| read books | membaca buku | maca buku |
| watch movies | menonton film | nonton film |
| play games | bermain game | main game |
| exercise | berolahraga | olahraga |
| relax | bersantai | santai |
| sleep | tidur | turu |
| wake up | bangun tidur | melek |
| shower | mandi | mandi |
| brush teeth | menyikat gigi | sikat gigi |
| comb hair | menyisir rambut | sisir rambut |
| get dressed | berpakaian | pakai baju |
| take a nap | tidur siang | dhuwur dhumateng |
| drive a car | mengendarai mobil | nderek mobil |
| ride a bike | mengendarai sepeda | numpak sepeda |
| use a computer | menggunakan komputer | nganggo komputer |
| make phone calls | menelepon | nelpon |
| send messages | mengirim pesan | ngirim pesen |
| check email | memeriksa email | ngecek email |
| play | bermain | main |
| cook | memasak | masak |
| eat | makan | mangan |
| drink | minum | ngombe |
| read | membaca | maca |
| write | menulis | nulis |
| watch | menonton | nonton |
| listen | mendengarkan | ngrungokno |
| talk | berbicara | ngomong |
| sing | menyanyi | nyanyi |
| dance | menari | nari |
| sleep | tidur | turu |
| wake up | bangun tidur | kentel |
| work | bekerja | bekerja |
| study | belajar | mbesuk |
| drive | mengemudi | ngemudi |
| ride | naik | numpak |
| walk | berjalan | jalan-jalan |
| run | berlari | lari |
4. ADJECTIVE
Indonesia : Kata Sifat / Javanese : Tembung Sipat
An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. It usually answers the question of which one, what kind, or how many. (Articles [a, an, the] are usually classified as adjectives).
| English Adjective | Indonesian Adjective | Javanese Adjective |
|---|---|---|
| Good | Baik | Apik |
| Bad | Buruk | Blunder |
| Big | Besar | Gedhe |
| Small | Kecil | Alit |
| Hot | Panas | Ehem |
| Cold | Dingin | Adem |
| Beautiful | Indah | Ayu |
| Ugly | Jelek | Gurang |
| Happy | Senang | Seneng |
| Sad | Sedih | Lelungit |
| Rich | Kaya | Aman |
| Poor | Miskin | Pitik |
5. ADVERB
Indonesia : Kata Keterangan / Javanese : Tembung Katrangan
An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, but never a noun. It usually answers the questions of when, where, how, why, under what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs often end in -ly.
| English Adverb | Indonesian Adverb | Javanese Adverb |
|---|---|---|
| Quickly | Cepat | Luwih Cepet |
| Slowly | Lambat | Alon-alon |
| Well | Baik | Apik |
| Badly | Buruk | Lekas |
| Loudly | Keras | Banter |
| Quietly | Pelan-pelan | Alon |
| Carefully | Hati-hati | Ati-ati |
| Carelessly | Sembarangan | Kanti Athi-ati |
| Happily | Senang | Bungah |
| Sadly | Sedih | Susah |
| Almost | Hampir | Meh |
| Always | Selalu | Tansah |
6. PREPOSITION
Indonesia : Kata Depan / Javanese : Tembung Pangarep
An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, but never a noun. It usually answers the questions of when, where, how, why, under what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs often end in -ly.
| English Preposition | Indonesian Preposition | Javanese Preposition |
|---|---|---|
| In | Di | Ing |
| On | Di atas | Ing wengi |
| Under | Di bawah | Ing ngisor |
| Behind | Di belakang | Ing wuri |
| Before | Sebelum | Ing ngarep |
| After | Setelah | Ing soko |
| With | Dengan | Kagem |
| Without | Tanpa | Tanpa |
| For | Untuk | Kanggo |
| From | Dari | Saka |
| To | Ke | Menawi |
| At | Di | Ing |
7. CONJUNCTION
Indonesia : Kata Sambung / Javanese : Tembung Panyambung
A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses, and indicates the relationship between the elements joined. Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. Subordinating conjunctions connect clauses that are not equal: because, although, while, since, etc. There are other types of conjunctions as well.
| English Conjunction | Indonesian Conjunction | Javanese Conjunction |
|---|---|---|
| And | Dan | Lan |
| Or | Atau | utawa |
| But | Tetapi | Nanging |
| Because | Karena | Kanggo |
| Therefore | Oleh karena itu | Kanthi kabeh |
| However | Namun | Ngantiya |
| Although | Meskipun | Mula-mula |
| While | Sementara | Saestu |
| If | Jika | Yen |
| Unless | Kecuali | Nanging yen ora |